Cyberphysical systems have achieved rapid development over the past decade due to their widespread applications in various domains, and are typically composed of sensing, communication, computing, and actuation capabilities. However, the communication network of physical security systems may be attacked by cyber attacks, which significantly destroys the performance of the system. Recently, DOS denial-of-service attacks (1) have attracted a lot of attention. In this article, a solution to deal with DoS attacks on the power sharing control system of the electrical energy distribution network, including distributed generation, is presented. So that a time-varying distributed estimator has been used. Based on the feature of service interruption communication duration, the convergent design conditions of observer parameters are obtained using Lebag2 integral theory and average dwell time method. It is also shown that the observer errors converge. Finally, the presented coping method is placed on the virtual impedance control line 3 of the power sharing control system and will neutralize service interruption attacks

Security is considered as one of the basic elements of efficiency and providing services to citizens and beyond that, it is the survival of existing political systems. Crimes against security have always been an significant topic of discussion. The present paper is an attempt to examine the threats and crimes against security in the Iranian legal system and its future challenges. The present paper is an analytical descriptive study and using the library method to investigate the subject under study. The findings of the study show that cyber crimes, such as espionage and unauthorized cyber access are among the crimes against security that have been criminalized. But security is also exposed to other important cyber threats that pose future security challenges. Cyber terrorism, cyber warfare, cyber disruption and hacking, phishing, farming, and smashing are among the security threats that are considered as future challenges because of the unclear nature of cyber security challenges, and dealing with it requires criminal and non-criminal prevention.

There are many techniques to knock out directed genes in bacteria, some of which have been described in Salmonella species. In this study, a combination of SOEing PCR method and the  l Red disruption system were used to disrupt phoP gene in wild type and standard strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Three standards PCR and one fusion PCR reactions were performed to construct a linear DNA including upstream and downstream of phoP gene and Kanamycin cassette. As a template plasmid, we used pKD4 which carries kanamycin gene flanked by FRT (FLP recognition target) sites. The resulting construct was electroporated into prepared competent cells of S. typhimurium. The transformants colonies related to the standard strain appeared on the LB-Km-agar plates after incubation, but there was no colony on LB-Km-agar plates corresponding to the wild type strain. The failure in transformation of the wild type strain may be because of inflexibility of the l Red disruption system in this strain or its unique restriction-modification system. However, by this construct we are able to generate phoP mutant in many of the Salmonella species due to high homology of the phoP gene which exists in different species.

This study draws attention to the ubiquitous and borderless nature of cybercrime. It examines the prospect of introducing customized cyber insurance policy in the Nigerian market. As secondary data was not available, the study conducted a survey by administering three sets of questionnaire to purposively selected top executives in four Trade Groups that rely heavily on Internet transactions for their operations. The study found that the rate of usage of the Internet and the attendant exposures to cyber-attacks among the various Trade Groups are quite high. Findings also show that the traditional policies have limitations with respect to protection against cyber risks and that there is a prospect for marketing a specifically designed cyber insurance policy in Nigeria.

The more information organizations have about the cyber threats most likely to affect substruction, the better they can reduction cyber risk. The purpose of this research is to review how the COSO (2013) helps risk management and cyber risk controls. It also shows the role of Internal auditing in cyber risk management control for organizations. Based on the library research method, previous researches have been studied and their results have been analyzed and examined. The results of this study indicate that organizations should invest in cyber risk management and prioritize cyber risk control, strategic goals and future plans depending on their positions. As the cyber environment evolves, risk management and internal auditing will need to keep pace. . Indeed, By focusing on the implementation of the 2013 framework, companies will identify their cyber risks and at the best opportunity, they will show their readiness to react appropriately to face the risks caused by the cyber world. Finally, creating a culture based on cyber security, continuous evaluation of all technologies used, continuous evaluation of vulnerable systems, comprehensive analysis of examples of cyber attacks carried out in organizations, continuous cyber risk management activities and cyber security training, These are the most important things that organizations should consider.

Cyber law has become a fundamental pillar of national security and the protection of critical infrastructures in the digital age. A central question in this domain is how legal and regulatory frameworks can address hybrid cyber attacks that simultaneously target technical, human, and economic aspects of critical systems. The importance of studying this issue stems from the potentially widespread destructive impacts of such attacks on national security, economy, and society, and the existing legal gaps complicating effective response. This article aims to identify the legal and regulatory challenges in countering hybrid cyber attacks against critical infrastructures and to propose mechanisms for improving governance frameworks. The research method is descriptive–analytical and based on documentary analysis, including the review of national and international laws, cybersecurity reports, and case studies of recent attacks. The findings indicate that major challenges include the lack of a harmonized legal framework, limitations in international cooperation, the complexity of defining hybrid attacks, and weaknesses in oversight and preventive capacities. Furthermore, the article presents innovative legal and policy solutions to enhance the protection of critical infrastructures against hybrid cyber threats. The results can inform the development of proactive policies and comprehensive cyber law regulations at national and regional levels, shedding light on new dimensions of governance and responses to complex cyber threats.

Despite the increasing prevalence of cyber warfare and the need to apply the laws of armed conflict (jus in bello), existing regulations were designed for traditional physical warfare, making their application to modern cyber operations a significant challenge. A primary hurdle to prosecuting war crimes in this domain is establishing the requisite contextual element: the existence of an armed conflict. Specifically, cyber attacks by non-state armed groups can constitute war crimes only if they occur within the context of a non-international armed conflict. Consequently, this research investigates the feasibility of a non-international armed conflict arising from cyber warfare as a condition for realizing cyber war crimes. Using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the study concludes that the nature of cyber groups, characterized by the physical dispersal of members, potential lack of consensus, and absence of traditional internal discipline, does not fully align with established legal criteria for an organized armed group. Therefore, only through a contemporary and dynamic interpretation of existing regulations and jurisprudence can the threshold for a non-international cyber armed conflict be met, thereby enabling the contextual element for war crimes to be satisfied.